Subsurface voids pose significant challenges to geotechnical design. Accurately locating these voids is fundamental for ensuring the soundness of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be expensive and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground electrical resistiv
Geotechnical exploration methods are crucial for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These features can significantly affect the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and landforms. A variety of ground-based exploration methods are employed to locate cavities and voids. methane These include test pits, geophysical technique
Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral deposits. By employing various physical methods, geologists can survey beneath the Earth's surface to identify subsurface structures and anomalies indicative of mineral concentration. These geophysical techniques often involve the measurement o